Explaining Labour Marker Inequality and Discrimination Essay

Explaining Labour Marker Inequality and Discrimination - Essay Example Social institutions, forces, and traditions that discriminate against race and gender influence the labour market. This essay is an attempt to identify the theory that best explains the embeddedness of discrimination and inequalities in employment. This essay also discusses the limits to law, equal opportunities policies and collective bargaining as remedies to labour inequality and discrimination. Labour discrimination implies that, other things being equal, members of a minority group, women, and even disabled people do not enjoy the same privileges and opportunities in the labour market as do Whites and men. Discrimination and inequality in the labour market may be classified into three, namely, (1) occupational segregation, (2) employment inequality, and (3) wage inequality (Ackerman 2000, xxxvi). Even though people of colour and women both endure labour discrimination, the shape it assumes for each group is not the same. Studies on discrimination in the labour market have report ed that the recognisable features of race and gender are the determinant of occupation and pay (Whalen 1996). According to Edwards (1985), discrimination against people of colour and women in the labour market is reinforced and renewed through the forming of wage differentials. Hence, to maintain a pool of low-wage labour, a number of employees are methodically segregated, on the basis of their racial affinity or gender, from high-wage sectors of the labour market. A Theory of Labour Market Discrimination and Inequality Theories that are strongly established and commonly recognised in labour research have five attributes in common, according to Solimano (1998). First, as regards to their analytical feature, they are neatly clear-cut and basic assumptions vulnerable to mainstream ideas and sentiments. Second, correctly interpreted these basic assumptions possess extensive uses producing practically valuable predictions or a semblance of truth that is vividly interesting. Third, they address issues of social policy. Fourth, established theories usually communicate several basic ideological predispositions that have a substantial tradition (Solimano 1998). Ultimately, remarkable theories hold research programmes that encourage scholars to focus on some aspects and not on others for better knowledge of major concerns. Theories of labour market segmentation have an institutional and historical inclination, arguing that â€Å"jobs cluster in segments that differ systematically by the skill and training involved, job security and attachment, opportunities for advancement, breadth of job definition, level of worker participation in decisions, and compensation† (Whalen 1996, 200). Most existing knowledge about these subject matters originates from historians and sociologists. The theory of segmented labour market is generally related to a leftist or Marxist analysis (Solimano 1998). In order to prove that the theory of segmented labour market is the best theory that explains the embeddedness of discrimination and equality in the labour market, it is important to restate an aspect of the core issue in this arena. According to Kirton and Greene (2010), substitutes to the neo-classical theory of labour market emerged in order to clarify actual phenomena not likely to be understood through traditional theory. These real phenomena are associated with unemployment, poverty, and

The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan Assignment

The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan - Assignment Example An organization’s internal marketing and a production function affects virtually all organizational activities. The motor vehicle industry in the United States of America is one of the main contributors to the country’s economic success, creating over 600,000 jobs per year. One of the universally known motor vehicle manufacturers in the country is Toyota Company. The company has instituted a well-organized and managed network that transforms separated parts and raw materials into fully functioning vehicles. The network entails the identification and financing of raw materials, promotion activities, management and distribution of the finished products to the end users (Toyota’s U.S, 2011). The Toyota Company also works hand in hand with other firms that have the business of producing motor vehicle parts, sales, and final vehicle assembly. Referring to the International Trade Commission, in the production of Toyota vehicles, the United States Toyota company imports motor vehicle parts worth over $ 77 million per year. However, the amount is projected to increase within the coming years. Tires and brakes is some of the highly-imported vehicle parts by the company in the production of a fully functional Toyota vehicle. ... Japan is currently the leading exporter of drive train components into the Toyota Company. Mexico on the other hand has dominated the supply of Toyota vehicle interior components including seats parts and wiring harnesses. Mexico’s supplies into the company are preferred due to its sensitive labor costs. To necessitate efficient and timely production and marketing of Toyota vehicles in the global market, the United States of America Toyota company has created an exceptionally productive Just-In-Time strategy. The strategy aims at ensuring that, raw materials and other essential components are delivered to the company instantly and at the right time. This has reduced tremendously time wastage in the production process. It is also significant to note that, most of the vehicles manufactured by the company are sometimes not meant for the global market. Additionally, to be relevant and competitive in the global market, Toyota Company has also established manufacturing plants in som e of its major regional and global markets. Initially, the United States of America’s Toyota primary market was in Europe and the United States of America. However, the company has in the recent past expanded its markets into other countries including South Korea, China, and in Africa, forcing it to open manufacturing plants to the identified countries. The absence of industry-wide standards has forced the Toyota Company to have a worldwide customization of Toyota vehicles in global market. In these cases, the company gives its customers the choice to specify a particular vehicle model. The customization is in most cases done either through online services